Week 10: Partial Results

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 Hello Everyone! 

Through literature review, I have concluded the following thus far: 

“The strength of evidence that bats are a reservoir of zoonotic viruses is undeniable.” (Wynne and Wang, 2013, p.1). The question remains as to why these species of Chiroptera are hosts of so many viruses. According to Streiker and Gilbert (2020), through evolution, bats obtained wings as homologous structures of hands of humans or fins of dolphins. While advantageous to fly, reproductive yield of the mother’s became limited to the amount of young that could be carried on their backs, which is one to two cubs per year. In view of reproduction, individuals with longer lifespan would genetically be selected upon. This implication alone can explain the genetic adaptation of low rates of tumorigenesis in bats. 

Wendy Barclay in “Receptor for bat influenza virus uncovers potential risk to humans,” explains that major histocompatibility complex, MHC, proteins are similar amongst a variety of mammals including pigs, humans, and bats. Unlike avian viruses, viruses from bats play on the MHC protein receptors to attach to and enter the cells. 

Barclay (2020) explains:

“MHC class II proteins are an important component of the immune system. Each complex is composed of one [alpha]-chain and one [beta]-chain. The complex displays 'foreign' molecules, such as those from invading bacteria and viruses, at the surface of specialized immune cells -- a process called antigen presentation. The foreign molecules are then recognized by other cells that develop an immune response against the infectious agent.” (Barclay, 2020, p.1)

Therefore, these MHC proteins contribute to the inflammatory response humans and other animals undergo. Bats, however, don’t have an inflammatory response to any of the viruses they host, with the exception of rabies.  In “Peptide presentation by bat MHC class I provides new insight into the antiviral immunity of bats,” genomic studies found that two genotypic alleles, 3aa and 5aa, in the peptide chain that builds the amino acids of MHC proteins in bats are present in Chiroptera species and marsupials but are not present in humans, mice, or horses. Below is the data from their findings:

 



[Data Table| Dan Lu ,Kefang Liu ,Di Zhang,Can Yue,Qiong Lu,Hao Cheng,Liang Wang,Yan Chai,Jianxun Qi,Lin-Fa Wang,George F. Gao ,William J. Liu, September 9, 2019, p.1]

This genetic in the MHC protein receptors can explain the antiviral response of bats to virus infection and lack of inflammatory response. Without negative internal reactions and low mortality rates, bats can freely spread the pathogens between individuals and populations in caves, mating, and daily ecosystem interactions. 

I hope to build on this much more in the final paper. There are four additional sources and citations I would like to include but am not sure yet where to insert them or how to do it so the deduction makes sense. 

I also wanted to include a visual aid from Andrew J. D. Bean, Michelle L. Baker, Cameron R. Stewart, Christopher Cowled, Celine Deffrasnes, Lin-Fa Wang, and John W Lowenthal; authors of , "Studying immunity to zoonotic diseases in the natural host - keeping it real." Published in 2013. 

It's a decent representation of the importance of understanding zoonotic viruses. 




                                                                      References
Bats as disease reservoirs. (2013). Nature, 494(7436),150+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/                                 A319614576/SCIC?u=mcc_phoe&sid=SCIC&xid=a9b544c2

Bat cave choice affects disease. (2016). Nature, 530(7588),9. https://link.gale.com/apps/                                     doc/A442536370/SCIC?u=mcc_phoe&sid=SCIC&xid=96bf572b

Barclay, W. (2019). Receptor for bat influenza virus uncovers potential risk to humans. Nature, 567(7746). https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.pc.maricopa.edu /ps/i.do?p=GRNR&id =GALE |A576552552&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GRNR&asid=90f92214&userGroupName=mcc_phoe& u=mcc_          phoe

Bean, A., Baker, M., Stewart, C., Cowled, C., Defrassnes, C., Wang, L., Lowenthal, J. (2013). Studying         immunity to zoonotic diseases in the natural host - keeping it real. National Library of Medicine.           https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24157573/

Dan, L., Kefang, L. Di, Z., Can, Y., Qiong, L., Hao, C., Liand, W., Yan, C., Jianxun, Q., Lin-Fa, W.                 (2019). Peptide presentation by bat MHC class I provides new insight into the antiviral immunity         of bats. Public Library of Science. https://journals.plos.org /plosbiology/ article?                                    id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000436

Calisher, C., Childs, J., Field, H., Holmes, K., & Schountz, T. (2006). Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(3). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Public Library of Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.                                    gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539106/ 

Center for Disease Control. (2017). Zoonotic Diseases. https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/ zoonotic-diseases.html

Clayton, E., Munir, M. (2020). Fundamental Characteristics of Bat Interferon Systems. Frontiers in                 Cellular and Infection Microbiology. Frontiers Research Foundation. https://go-gale-              com.ezproxy.pc.maricopa.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Journals&resultListType =RESULT               _LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=191&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPositon=9&docId=GALE%7CA644687725&docType=Brief+article&sort=Relevance& contentSegment=ZXBE-MOD1&prodId=SCIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA644687725&searchId=R1&userGroupName=mcc_phoe&inPS=true

Dobson, A. (2005). What links bats to emerging infectious diseases? Science: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 310(5748). https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.pc.maricopa.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Journals&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=191&searchType=BasicSearchForm& currentPosition =4&docId=GALE%7CA138660758&docType=Article&sort= Relevance& content Segment=ZXBEMOD1&prodId=SCIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE %7CA138660758&searchId=R1&userGroupName=mcc_phoe&inPS=true

Hewitt, D. (2021). Bats and Viruses: Current Research and Future Trends. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(3). U.S. National Center for Infectious Diseases. https://gogalecom.ezproxy.pc.maricopa.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Journals&resultListType=RESUL T_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=191&searchType=BasicSearchForm &currentPosition=12&docId=GALE%7CA656636418&docType=Article&sort=Relevan ce&contentSegment=ZXBEMOD1&prodId=SCIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7 CA656 636418&searchId=R1&userGroupName=mcc_phoe&inPS=true
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Immune system. Merriam-Webster.com. https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/immune%20system

Nunez, E. (N.d.). Bats. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ animals/  mammals/facts/bats?loggedin=true

Streicker, D., Gilbert, A. (2020). Contextualizing bats as viral reservoirs. American Association for the             Advancement of Science. Science, 370(6513). https://science-sciencemag- org.ezproxy.pc.maricopa.edu/content/370/6513/172

Wang, L., Wynne, J. (2013). Bats and viruses: friend or foe?. Public Library of Science, 9(10). https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.pc.maricopa.edu/ps/retrieve.do?                        tabID=Journals&result ListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=16&searc  hType =BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA351945484&docType=Report   &sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXBEMOD1&prodId=SCIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA351945484&searchId=R4&userGroupName=mcc_phoe&inPS=true 

Whiteman, L. (2012). The Night Life: Why We Need Bats All the Time--Not Just on Halloween. National Science Foundation. https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp cntn_id=125883#:~:text=By%20fulfilling%20their%20ecological%20roles,hundreds%20of %20species%20of%20plants.&text=In%20addition%2C%20bats%20eat%20copious%20 quantities%20of%20insects%20and%20other%20arthropods.

Xiaolu, T., Changcheng, W., Xiang, L., Yuhe, S., Xinmin, Y., Xinkai, W., Yuange, D., Hong, Z., Yirong, W., Zhaohui, Q., Jie, C., & Jian, Lu. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-              CoV-2. National Science Review, 7(6) https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/7/6/1012/5775463


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